NAHIYAR TURAI (EUROPE)

Nahiyar Turai (Europe) tana daga cikin nahiyoyi guda bakwai na duniya, kuma tana da tarihi mai tsawo da tasiri sosai a fannoni da dama, ciki har da al'adu, ilimi, fasaha, siyasa, da tattalin arziki. Turai tana cikin yankin Arewacin duniya (Northern Hemisphere) kuma tana gabas da tekun Atlantika. Yankin yana ɗauke da ƙasashe 44, ciki har da wasu ƙananan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu.

Nahiyar Turai tana ɗaya daga cikin nahiyoyi masu tasiri a duniya, tare da tarihi mai tsawo da al'adu masu bambanci. Yana da ƙarfin tattalin arziki, fasaha, da siyasa wanda ya shafi duniya gaba ɗaya. Duk da ƙalubalen da take fuskanta, Turai na ci gaba da kasancewa ginshiƙi a harkokin duniya, musamman wajen haɓaka dimokuraɗiyya, fasaha, da ci gaban al'umma.

Yankunan Turai

Turai tana da yankuna daban-daban bisa ga yanayin ƙasa, al'adu, da tarihi. Waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da:

1. Yankin Arewacin Turai

Wannan yankin ya haɗa da ƙasashe kamar Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, da Iceland. Yankin yana da yanayi mai sanyi da tsaunuka, tare da tsari mai kyau na rayuwa da tsarin dimokuraɗiyya. Yana da karfi wajen fannin fasaha, musamman a yankin Scandinavia, inda ake samun ci gaba a fannoni irin su kimiyya, fasaha, da tsarin walwala.

2. Yankin Yammacin Turai: 

Wannan yankin ya haɗa da ƙasashe kamar United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Belgium, da Germany. Yammacin Turai yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu tasiri a duniya, tare da ƙasashe da suka yi tasiri sosai wajen ci gaban fasaha, kimiyya, da siyasa tun daga zamanin Renaissance har zuwa yau. Germany ce ƙasa mafi ƙarfin tattalin arziki a Turai, yayin da France ta shahara da tarihi mai tsawo na al'adu da kuma mulkin mallaka.

3. Yankin Kudu da Kudancin Turai

Wannan yankin ya haɗa da ƙasashe kamar Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal, da Turkiyya. Kudancin Turai yana da tarihi mai tsawo da al'adu waɗanda suka samo asali daga tsofaffin daulolin Rome da Greece. Yankin yana da yanayi mai dumi da kuma masarautun duniya na yawon buɗe ido irin su Venice, Rome, Athens, da Barcelona.

4. Yankin Gabashin Turai

Wannan yankin ya haɗa da ƙasashe kamar Poland, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, da Bulgaria. Yankin Gabashin Turai yana da tarihi mai cike da gwagwarmaya, musamman ta hanyar rikice-rikicen siyasa da yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu. Hakanan yankin yana da tasirin Rasha, wadda ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a duniya.

5. Yankin Tsakiyar Turai 

Wannan yankin ya haɗa da ƙasashe kamar Austria, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Slovakia, da Hungary. Tsakiyar Turai tana da tsofaffin birane masu tarihi da kuma tasirin al'adu iri-iri. Yankin yana cikin tsakiyar harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Turai.

Tarihi da Al'adu

Turai tana da tarihi mai tsawo wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka sauya duniya, kamar zamanin Rome, zamanin Daulolin Byzantine da Ottoman, har zuwa zamanin Renaissance, da sauyin masana'antu na ƙarni na 18 da na 19. Turai ita ce ta fara haɓaka tsarin dimokuraɗiyya a ƙarni na 5 BC a cikin Athens, da kuma haɓaka falsafa, fasaha, da ilimi a zamanin Renaissance.

Al'adu a Turai sun bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Harshen Latin da Larabci sun yi tasiri sosai ga harsunan da ake amfani da su a Turai, musamman harshen Turanci, Faransanci, Sifenanci, da Italiyanci. Hakanan akwai al'adu masu tasiri daga yankunan Scandinavia, Slavonic, da Celtic, waɗanda suka haifar da ɗabi'u da al'adu iri-iri.

Addinai

Addini yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihin Turai. Kiristanci shi ne addini mafi rinjaye a Turai, wanda ya ƙunshi Katolika, Orthodox, da Protestanci. Duk da tasirin Kiristanci, akwai sauran addinai a Turai, irin su Yahudanci, Musulunci, da wasu addinai na gargajiya. Tasirin addini ya kasance mai girma a Turai, musamman ta fuskar gina gine-ginen addini irin su coci, katedrals, da majami’u.

Tattalin Arziki

Turai tana da tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi wanda ya dogara da masana'antu, fasaha, noma, da kuma kasuwanci. Tarayyar Turai (European Union - EU) tana daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki a duniya, tare da ƙasashe masu ƙarfin tattalin arziki irin su Germany, France, da Italy. Hakanan yankin yana da manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci irin su London, Paris, da Frankfurt.

Masana'antu a Turai sun haɗa da kera motoci, sarrafa ƙarfe, kera kayan masarufi, fasahar zamani, da kuma ayyukan banki. Har ila yau, yankin yana da shahararrun wuraren yawon buɗe ido irin su London, Paris, Rome, da Madrid, waɗanda ke jawo masu yawon buɗe ido daga sassa daban-daban na duniya.

Siyasa da Harkokin Mulki

Turai tana da tsari na siyasa mai cike da tarihi da kuma tasirin mulkin mallaka. Duk da rikice-rikicen siyasa da yaƙe-yaƙe da Turai ta sha fama da su, yanzu yawancin ƙasashen Turai suna bin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya. Tarayyar Turai (EU) tana ƙoƙarin haɓaka haɗin kai da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙasashen Turai ta hanyar kasuwanci, tsarin mulki, da kuma ayyukan ci gaban zamantakewa.

Duk da haka, akwai ƙalubale na siyasa a Turai, musamman daga rikice-rikice da suka shafi Brexit (fitar Birtaniya daga EU), rikice-rikicen cikin gida a wasu ƙasashe kamar Spain da Catalonia, da kuma ƙalubalen tsaro daga gabashin Turai, musamman dangane da dangantakar Rasha da Ukraine.

Matsaloli da Kalubale

Turai tana fuskantar kalubale da yawa a wannan lokaci, ciki har da matsalolin tattalin arziki, canjin yanayi, da kuma ƙalubalen tsaro. Yawan tsufar jama'a yana ƙara wa wasu ƙasashe matsala wajen samar da ayyukan yi da ayyukan jin kai. Hakanan, Turai tana fuskantar ƙalubale daga sauyin yanayi, wanda ya shafi yawan zafi, zaizayar ƙasa, da kuma guguwa.

Har ila yau, akwai ƙalubalen siyasa da zamantakewa kamar ƙaurar jama'a daga yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afrika, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa a cikin ƙasashen Turai. Duk da haka, ƙasashen Turai suna ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan matsalolin ta hanyar haɗin kai da kuma manufofin cigaba na haɗin gwiwa.