TARIHIN DAULAR RUM

Taswirar Daular Rum a shekarar 117 A.D. Source: creativecommons.org

Daular Rome (Roman Empire) tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dauloli da suka yi tasiri sosai a tarihin duniya, tare da tarihi mai tsawo da tasirin da ya wanzu har zuwa yau. Daular ta kasance tana tasiri sosai a fannin al'adu, doka, kimiyya, siyasa, da al'adu, kuma ta yi nasarar haɗa yankuna masu yawa a ƙarƙashin mulkinta.

Asalin Rome da Ƙirƙirar Jamhuriyar Rome (509 BC - 27 BC)

Daular Rome ta fara ne daga ƙauyen Rome wanda aka kafa a cikin karni na 8 BC akan tsaunukan Palatine a kusa da kogin Tiber a tsakiyar Italiya. A cewar tarihin asali, an kafa Rome a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, 753 BC, ta Romulus da Remus, waɗanda su ne 'ya'yan uwa ɗaya na Rhea Silvia da god Kogin Mars. Romulus ya zama shugaba na farko bayan ya kashe Remus, sannan ya gina Rome ta zama mai ƙarfi.

Tun farkon Rome, ta kasance ƙarƙashin sarakuna guda bakwai, har zuwa lokacin da aka kori sarki Tarquinius Superbus na ƙarshe a shekarar 509 BC. Bayan haka, aka kafa Jamhuriyar Rome (Roman Republic), inda aka gina tsarin siyasa mai ƙarfi wanda ya haɗa da majalisa mai zaman kanta wadda ake kira "Senate" da kuma wakilai daga yankunan Rome waɗanda ake kira "Consuls".

Fadadar Ikon Rum (Rome) da Yaƙe-Yaƙen Punic (264 BC - 146 BC)

Tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Rome, ta fara faɗaɗa yankinta ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma haɗin kai da wasu ƙasashe. Rome ta kasance tana ƙara girma da ƙarfi, har ta kafa mulkin mallaka a yawancin yankunan Italiya.

Yaƙe-yaƙen Punic sun faru ne tsakanin Rome da Daular Carthage, wadda ita ce babbar ƙasa mai ƙarfi a yankin Bahar Rum ta Gabas (Mediterranean). A tsakanin 264 BC da 146 BC, Rome ta yi yaƙi sau uku da Carthage. Yaƙi na biyu tsakanin Rome da Carthage shi ne mafi shahara, inda jagoran sojan Carthage, Hannibal, ya mamaye Italiya tare da jarumai da giwaye, amma a ƙarshe Rome ta samu nasara. Wannan yaƙin ya ƙare ne da rushewar birnin Carthage a 146 BC, wanda ya bai wa Rome ikon mamaye yawancin yankunan Bahar Rum.

Rikicin Siyasa da Ƙarshen Jamhuriyar Rome (133 BC - 27 BC)

A karni na 2 BC, Rome ta fara fuskantar rikice-rikice na siyasa da zamantakewa sakamakon faɗaɗar yankunan ta da kuma ƙaruwar bambancin al'umma tsakanin masu kuɗi da talakawa. Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikicen cikin gida, ciki har da yaƙe-yaƙen bauta da rikicin Gaius da Tiberius Gracchus, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin yin gyaran fuska don taimaka wa talakawan Rome.

Wannan yaƙe-yaƙe ya haifar da tasirin wasu manyan shugabanni irin su Gaius Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Crassus, da Julius Caesar. Caesar, wanda ya zama sananne a tarihin Rome, ya ɗauki iko a Rome bayan ya lashe yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, ciki har da yaƙin Civil Wars wanda ya ƙare da nasararsa a kan Pompey. Bayan haka, Julius Caesar ya zama shugaban Rome mai iko, amma an kashe shi a 44 BC a ranar da ake kira "Ides of March," wanda ya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikicen siyasa.

Bayan mutuwar Caesar, Rome ta sake fuskantar yaƙin Civil Wars wanda ya ƙare da nasarar Octavian, wanda ya zama Augustus, shugaba na farko na Daular Rome kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin mulkin kama karya a 27 BC, wanda ya ƙare da zamanin Jamhuriyar Rome.

Zamanin Kasaitar Daular Rome (27 BC - 180 AD)

Zamanin Augustus, wanda aka sani da Pax Romana (watau Zaman Lafiya na Rome), yana ɗaya daga cikin lokuta masu muhimmanci a tarihin Rome. Augustus ya kafa tsarin mulki mai ƙarfin gaske wanda ya ɗora Rome akan turba ta ci gaba da zaman lafiya da cigaba na kimiyya, fasaha, da al'adu.

A lokacin wannan zamanin, Daular Rome ta faɗaɗa zuwa yankunan yamma, arewa, gabas, da kudancin Bahar Rum. Rome ta kafa kyawawan hanyoyi da gadaje, kuma birane masu yawa sun taso a yankunan Rome. Augustus ya kafa birnin Rome da gine-gine masu ɗorewa, ciki har da Temple of Mars Ultor da Ara Pacis.

Bayan Augustus, wasu sarakuna kamar Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, da Nero sun shugabanci Rome. Duk da cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan sarakunan ba su yi nasara sosai ba wajen mulkin Rome, amma Daular Rome ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai ƙarfi.

Rarrabuwar Daular Rome Zuwa Yamma da Gabas da Faɗuwar Rome ta Yamma (285 AD - 476 AD)

A cikin karni na 3 AD, Rome ta fara fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa, ciki har da rikice-rikicen cikin gida, faduwar tattalin arziki, da mamayar yawancin yankuna daga ƙabilun "Barbarians." A cikin 285 AD, Sarkin Rome Diocletian ya raba Daular Rome gida biyu: Rome ta Gabas (Eastern Roman Empire) da Rome ta Yamma (Western Roman Empire). Daular Rome ta Gabas an fi saninta da sunan Byzantine Empire.

Faɗuwar Rome ta Yamma ta kasance a cikin karni na 5 AD, musamman a sakamakon mamayar ƙabilun Germanic irin su Visigoths, Vandals, da Ostrogoths. Faɗuwar Rome ta Yamma ta ƙare ne a shekarar 476 AD lokacin da aka kori sarkin Rome na ƙarshe, Romulus Augustulus, daga sarauta.

Daular Rome Ta Gabas (Byzantine Empire/Eastern Roman Empire)

Daular Rome ta Gabas, wadda aka fi sani da Byzantine Empire, ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa shekarar 1453 AD lokacin da aka mamaye birnin Constantinople (Istanbul na yanzu) daga Hannun Daular Ottoman. Byzantine Empire ta kasance mai tasiri sosai a fannin addini, al'adu, da doka, musamman a lokacin mulkin Emperor Justinian I, wanda ya kafa shahararren tsarin doka mai suna "Justinian Code."

Tasirin Daular Rome a Duniya

Daular Rome ta yi tasiri sosai a tarihin duniya, musamman ta fuskar dokoki, mulki, al'adu, gine-gine, da kuma addini. Harshe Latin, wanda shi ne harshen Rome, ya zama tushen yawancin harsunan Romance irin su Faransanci, Sifenanci, Italiyanci, da kuma sauran harsunan Turai.

Dokokin Rome, waɗanda aka tattara a cikin Justinian Code, sun zama tushen dokoki a yawancin ƙasashe a duniya. Haka kuma, ginin Colosseum, Pantheon, da wasu shahararrun gine-ginen Rome sun zama abin koyi a duniya baki ɗaya.