TARIHIN NAHIYAR TURAI

Tarihin nahiyar Turai yana da tsawo kuma ya kunshi manyan al’amura da suka yi tasiri ga duniya baki ɗaya.

Shekarun Kafin Rubuta Tarihi (Prehistoric Europe)

Nahiyar Turai tana da tsohon tarihi da ya fara tun kafin rubuce-rubuce. Kafin zuwan wayewa, mutane a Turai sun rayu a matsayin masu farauta da masu tarin abinci. Tsoffin al'ummomi irin su Neanderthals da Homo sapiens sun zauna a Turai shekaru dubu-dubu da suka shige. Daga baya, mutane suka fara kafa al'umma a wurare kamar Mesopotamia da Zamanin Dutse na Turai, inda aka fara aikin noma da kiwo.

Daular Girka (Ancient Greece)

Wannan zamani ya fara kimanin shekaru 8,000 kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu. Girka ta zama wata babbar al'umma a karni na 5 kafin haihuwar Yesu, inda birane kamar Athens da Sparta suka zama manyan cibiyoyin siyasa, ilimi, da al'adu. Falsafar Girka, musamman ta hanyar manyan malaman falsafa kamar su Plato, Aristotle, da Socrates, ta yi tasiri sosai ga tunanin Turai da na duniya baki ɗaya.

Daular Roma (Roman Empire)

Daular Roma ta fara tasowa a karni na 1 kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu, ta kuma ci gaba da karfi har zuwa karni na 5 bayan haihuwar Yesu. Roma ta kafa wata babbar daula da ta mamaye kusan dukkan Turai, tare da wasu sassa na Afirka da Asiya. Romawa sun kafa tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya, dokoki, da ayyukan gine-gine da suka ci gaba da tasiri har zuwa yau. Daular ta rabu gida biyu a karni na 4 AD: Daular Roma ta Gabas da Daular Roma ta Yamma. Daular Roma ta Yamma ta fadi a shekarar 476 AD, yayin da ta Gabas, wanda aka fi sani da Daular Byzantine, ta cigaba har zuwa shekarar 1453.

Tsakiyar Zamani (Medieval Europe)

Bayan faduwar Daular Roma ta Yamma, Turai ta shiga wani zamani da aka fi sani da Tsakiyar Zamani. Wannan lokaci ya shahara da kafuwar tsarin mulki na feudalism, wanda sarakuna da masu daraja suka mamaye yankuna daban-daban, yayin da talakawa suka kasance masu bauta musu. A wannan lokaci, coci ta Katolika ta samu karfin iko sosai, inda ta zama cibiyar rayuwa da mulki a yawancin kasashen Turai. Wannan kuma ya haifar da Girgizan Crusade, yakin da Kiristoci suka yi da Musulmai don kwato birnin Qudus.

Renaissance da Juyin Musulunci (Renaissance and Reformation)

A karni na 14 zuwa na 17, an samu wani babban ci gaba da ake kira Renaissance, wanda ya haifar da sabon tunani da kuma farfado da ilimi, fasaha, da al'adu na tsohuwar Girka da Roma. A wannan lokaci, aka samu manyan masu zane-zane kamar Leonardo da Vinci da Michelangelo. An kuma samu juyin musulunci (Reformation) a karni na 16, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin coci Katolika da cocin Protestant. Wannan ya haifar da yaki da tashin hankali a wasu kasashen Turai, musamman Jamus.

Zamanin Gano Sabbin Ƙasashe (Age of Exploration)

A karni na 15 zuwa na 17, Turai ta fara gagarumin yunkuri na gano sabbin ƙasashe, inda kasashen Portugal da Spain suka fara binciken duniya. Christopher Columbus ya gano Amurka a shekarar 1492, wanda ya haifar da karuwar mallakar ƙasashe na Turai a yankunan Amurka, Afirka, da Asiya. Wannan zamanin ya kawo babban canji ga duniya, musamman ta fuskar tattalin arziki da siyasa.

Juyin Juya Halin Ilimi da Na Siyasa (Enlightenment and Political Revolutions)

A karni na 17 zuwa na 18, an samu wani ci gaba da ake kira Enlightenment, wanda ya kawo sabon tunani na kimiyya, siyasa, da ilimi. Masana kamar John Locke, Voltaire, da Jean-Jacques Rousseau sun yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin mulki da tunanin siyasa a Turai da Amurka. Wannan zamani ya haifar da juyin juya halin Faransa a shekarar 1789, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin sarauta a Faransa, ya kuma tabbatar da tsarin mulki na dimokradiyya.

Juyin Masana'antu (Industrial Revolution)

A karni na 18 zuwa na 19, Turai ta shiga wani lokaci na ci gaba mai tsanani a fannin masana'antu, inda aka fara amfani da injina wajen samar da kaya. Wannan juyi ya fara a Ingila sannan ya yadu zuwa sauran Turai da Amurka. An samu karuwar birane da kuma yawan jama'a, tare da sauyin tsarin tattalin arziki daga noma zuwa masana'antu.

Yakin Duniya na Farko da Na Biyu (World War I and II)

A farkon karni na 20, an yi yakin duniya na farko (1914-1918), wanda ya haifar da rugujewar manyan dauloli kamar Daular Ottoman, Daular Austria-Hungary, da Daular Jamus. Bayan wannan yakin, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Duniya (League of Nations) amma ba ta samu nasara sosai ba wajen hana yakin duniya na biyu. Yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945) ya fara ne sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula da mulkin kama karya a Jamus, wanda Adolf Hitler ya jagoranta. Wannan yakin ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar miliyoyin mutane, da kuma rarrabuwar kawunan Turai zuwa Gabas da Yamma bayan yakin.

Bayar da 'Yanci ga Kasashe da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai (Decolonization and European Union)

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kasashen Turai da dama sun fara bayar da 'yanci ga kasashen da suka mallaka a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. An kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1945 domin tabbatar da zaman lafiya a duniya. A cikin Turai, an kafa ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai (European Union) domin haɗa kai tsakanin kasashen Turai, tare da tabbatar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman lafiya. Wannan ƙungiya ta fara ne da haɗin kan tattalin arziki a shekarar 1957, sannan ta girma zuwa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki a karni na 21.

Turai A Yau (Modern Europe)

A yau, Turai ta zama wata nahiya mai ci gaba sosai ta fuskar tattalin arziki, kimiyya, da ilimi. Duk da haka, tana fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban kamar rikice-rikicen siyasa, batutuwan 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma kalubalen tattalin arziki. Tarayyar Turai ta kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin duniya, tare da wakilci a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, NATO, da sauran ƙungiyoyin duniya.

Wannan shi ne cikakken tarihin nahiyar Turai daga dauri zuwa zamanin yau, wanda ya kunshi manyan al'amura da suka canza yanayin duniya.