Yakin Duniya na Daya yana daga cikin manyan fitintinun da suka girgiza duniya baki ɗaya, wanda aka yi daga shekarar 1914 zuwa 1918. Wannan yaki ya shafi kusan dukkan manyan ƙasashen duniya, musamman a nahiyar Turai. Yakin ya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kuma wasu ra’ayoyi da suka yi wa ƙasashen Turai katutu.
Dalilan Yakin Duniya Na Daya
Akwai dalilai da dama da suka haifar da wannan yaki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
1. Kishin ƙasa (Nationalism):
A lokacin ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, ƙasashen Turai suna cike da kishin ƙasa da ya sa kowanne ya ke son ya tabbatar da ƙarfinsa fiye da sauran. Wannan ya sa aka samu takaddama mai tsanani tsakanin ƙasashe irin su Jamus, Faransa, Birtaniya, da Austro-Hungary.
2. Faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka (Imperialism):
Dukkan manyan ƙasashen Turai suna fafatawa wajen mallake ƙasashe a Afirka, Asiya, da sauran yankuna na duniya. Wannan ya ƙara haddasa gaba tsakanin manyan ƙasashen da ke neman ƙarin ikon mallaka.
3. Gasa wajen ƙara ƙarfin soja (Militarism):
A Turai, kowanne ƙasa yana ƙoƙarin samar da manyan sojoji da makamai, musamman tsakanin Birtaniya da Jamus. Wannan ya ƙara tayar da hankalin juna da ƙara tsammanin samun yaki a nan gaba.
4. Tsarin Kawance (Alliance System):
Manyan ƙasashen Turai sun kafa kawance a tsakaninsu don kariya da taimakon juna idan aka kai musu hari. Akwai manyan kawance biyu:
- Kawancen Allied Powers da suka haɗa da Birtaniya, Faransa, da Rasha.
- Kawancen Central Powers da suka haɗa da Jamus, Austro-Hungary, da Ottoman Empire.
5. Kisan Yarima Franz Ferdinand:
A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1914, wani ɗan kishin ƙasa daga Serbia mai suna Gavrilo Princip ya kashe Yarima Franz Ferdinand, magajin sarautar Austro-Hungary. Wannan kisa ya haifar da rikici tsakanin Austro-Hungary da Serbia, wanda daga baya ya jawo ƙasashen kawance suka tsunduma a cikin wannan yaki.
Fara Yakin
Yakin ya fara ne lokacin da Austro-Hungary ta ayyana yaki akan Serbia a watan Yuli, 1914, bayan kisan Yarima Franz Ferdinand. Jamus ta goyi bayan Austro-Hungary, yayin da Birtaniya, Faransa, da Rasha suka tsaya tare da Serbia. Wannan ya jawo faɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Allied da Central Powers, wanda ya yaɗu cikin sauri zuwa sauran ƙasashe a Turai da duniya baki ɗaya.
Muhimman Lokutan Yakin
1. Yakin Marne na Farko (1914):
Wannan shi ne babban faɗa da aka yi a farkon yakin a Faransa, inda sojojin Jamus suka yi ƙoƙarin mamaye Paris, amma sojojin Faransa da Birtaniya suka dakatar da su a yakin Marne.
2. Yakin Verdun (1916):
Wannan wani muhimmin yaki ne a tsakanin Faransa da Jamus, inda aka yi tsananin gwabza taƙi. Wannan yaki ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin yakin duniya na daya, inda aka yi asarar rayuka da dama.
3. Yakin Somme (1916):
Wannan yaki shi ne ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni, inda ƙungiyar Allied suka yi ƙoƙarin fatattakar Jamus daga yankin Somme a Faransa. Duk da nasarar da aka samu, sojoji fiye da miliyan ɗaya sun mutu ko suka jikkata a wannan yaki.
4. Shigar Amurka cikin Yakin (1917)
Bayan dogon lokaci Amurka tana tsaka-tsaki, a watan Afrilu, 1917, ta shiga yakin a gefen Allied Powers saboda hare-haren da Jamus ta kai wa jiragen ruwa na Amurka. Shiga Amurka cikin yakin ya kawo babban tasiri, musamman a shekarar 1918.
5. Juyin Juya Hali a Rasha (1917)
Rashawa sun fuskanci juyin juya hali a cikin shekarar 1917, wanda ya haifar da faduwar gwamnatin Sarauta. Bayan wannan, Rashawa suka janye daga yakin ta hanyar rattaba hannu a yarjejeniyar Brest-Litovsk da Jamus a cikin shekarar 1918.
Karshen Yakin
Yakin ya kare ne a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1918, lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar armistice (tsagaita wuta) tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Allied da Central Powers. Jamus ta mika wuya bayan shan kashi da kuma rushewar kawancen Central Powers.
Sakamakon Yakin
1. Mutuwar Jama'a:
Sama da mutane miliyan 16 ne suka mutu sakamakon Yakin Duniya na Daya, ciki har da fararen hula da sojoji. Yakin ya haifar da mummunar illa ga ƙasashe masu yawa a duniya.
2. **Yarjejeniyar Versailles (1919)
Wannan yarjejeniya ce da aka kulla a tsakanin ƙasashen Allied da Jamus, inda aka ɗaura wa Jamus alhakin yakin tare da sanya mata diyya mai tsanani. Wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙara haifar da rashin jin daɗi a Jamus, wanda daga baya ya taimaka wajen haifar da Yakin Duniya na Biyu.
3. Rushewar Daulolin Turai
Bayan yakin, daulolin Austro-Hungary, Ottoman, da Rasha sun rushe, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabbin ƙasashe kamar Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, da Poland.
4. Kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (League of Nations)
Bayan yakin, an kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin shekarar 1920 don hana sake faruwar irin wannan yaki. Sai dai, majalisar ta kasa hana faruwar Yakin Duniya na Biyu.
Yakin Duniya na Daya ya yi tasiri mai girma a duniya, ya canza taswirar siyasar duniya, ya rushe tsofaffin dauloli, kuma ya haifar da sabbin ƙasashe. Haka kuma, ya haifar da yanayin da ya taimaka wajen tasowar Adolf Hitler da jam’iyyar Nazi a Jamus, wanda daga karshe ya haifar da Yakin Duniya na Biyu.
Manazarta
- Strachan, H. (2004). *The First World War*. Oxford University Press.
- Keegan, J. (1999). *The First World War*. Knopf.
- MacMillan, M. (2001). *Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World*. Random House.
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