TARIHIN NAHIYAR AFRICA

Tarihin nahiyar Afrika yana da matukar tsawo da kuma yawa, domin ya ƙunshi al'amura da suka faru tsawon dubban shekaru. An fara wannan tarihi tun daga zamanin da ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin zamanin ƙarni na farko har zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka, sannan ya kai ga samun 'yancin kai daga ƙasashen Turai. Ga cikakken bayani:

Zamanin Da (Pre-Colonial Africa)

Kafin zuwan Turawa, Afrika ta kasance tana da ƙasashe da masarautu masu ƙarfi, waɗanda suka bunƙasa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwa. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun masarautun da suka yi tasiri a tarihin Afrika sun haɗa da:

Masarautar Misira (Ancient Egypt)

Wannan masarauta tana cikin tsoffin ƙasashen duniya da suka yi suna wajen ilimi, addini, da kuma fasahar gini. An kafa ta a Kogin Nilu a kimanin shekara ta 3100 KZ (BCE). Masarautar Misira ta yi fice wajen gina manyan gini kamar fadar Fir'auna (pyramids) da kuma kirkirar rubutu (hieroglyphics)

Masarautar Kush

Wannan masarauta ta kasance a kudu da Masarautar Misira, wato a yankin da ake kira yanzu Sudan. Masarautar Kush ta kasance tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da Misira kuma ta mulki wasu yankunan Misira a wani lokaci.

Masarautar Ghana, Mali, da Songhai

Wadannan masarautun suna yammacin Afrika kuma sun yi suna wajen kasuwanci, musamman ta hanyar kasuwancin zinariya da gishiri. A lokacin masarautar Mali, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mansa Musa, wannan masarauta ta zama mafi arziki a duniya.

Zuwan Turawa da Kasuwancin Bayi

A karni na 15, Turawa suka fara zuwa nahiyar Afrika domin neman albarkatun ƙasa da kuma kasuwanci. Wannan ya haifar da zuwan Turawan Fotigal da kuma Sifaniya. Zuwa karni na 16, Turawa sun fara cinikayyar bayi daga Afrika zuwa Amurka da Turai. Wannan kasuwanci ya shafi yankunan yammacin Afrika sosai, inda aka fitar da miliyoyin mutane a matsayin bayi zuwa wasu sassan duniya.

Mulkin Mallaka (Colonialism)

A ƙarshen karni na 19, ƙasashen Turai suka haɗu a taron Berlin na 1884-1885 don raba Afrika tsakaninsu. Wannan raba yankuna ya kawo ƙarshen zaman lafiya da zamantakewar gargajiya ta Afrika, kuma ya haifar da kafa ƙasashe da suka saba da tsarin rayuwa da al'adun mutane.

Mulkin Mallakar Ingila

Ingila ta mamaye yankunan yammacin Afrika, gabashin Afrika, da kudancin Afrika. Sun kafa mulki a Nijeriya, Ghana, Kenya, Sudan, da sauransu.

Mulkin Mallakar Faransa

Faransa ta mamaye yankunan yammacin Afrika da gabashin Afrika, ciki har da Mali, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, da Madagascar.

Mulkin Mallakar Portugal

Portugal ta kafa mulki a Angola da Mozambique, inda suka yi amfani da tsarin mulki mai tsauri da nufin cin gajiyar albarkatun ƙasa.

Samun 'Yancin Kai

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu (WWII), hankulan 'yan Afrika sun fara wayewa kan muhimmancin samun 'yanci daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya haifar da tashi-tsaye a sassan duniya daban-daban na Afrika. Kasar Ghana ce ta fara samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1957 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah. Bayan haka, sauran ƙasashen Afrika suka bi sahu har zuwa shekarun 1960s.

Bayan Mulkin Mallaka (Post-Colonial Africa)

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, kasashen Afrika sun fuskanci kalubale masu yawa, ciki har da rikicin siyasa, talauci, da matsalolin kabilanci. Duk da haka, akwai wasu ƙasashe da suka samu cigaba a fannonin ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da tattalin arziki. Misali:

Kasar Ghana

Kasar Ghana ta kasance cikin kasashen da suka yi nasara wajen gudanar da mulki na dimokuradiyya bayan samun 'yancin kai.

Kasar Sudan

Sudan ta fuskanci rikici da yawa bayan samun 'yancin kai, ciki har da yakin basasa wanda ya kai ga rabuwar kasar zuwa Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu a shekarar 2011.

Kasar Afirka ta Kudu

Afirka ta Kudu ta samu 'yancin kai daga tsarin wariyar launin fata (Apartheid) a shekarar 1994, a lokacin Nelson Mandela ya zama shugaban kasa na farko a karkashin dimokuradiyya.

Africa a Zamanin Yau

Nahiyar Afirka tana da kasashe 54, kuma tana da yawan al'umma sama da biliyan 1.3. A zamanin yau, Afirka tana fuskantar manyan ci gaba da kalubale a fannoni daban-daban kamar siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu.

A fannin tattalin Arziki Afirka tana da albarkatu masu yawa, kamar man fetur, gwal, uranium, da sauran ma'adanai. Haka kuma, kasashen Afirka suna kan gaba wajen samar da kayan gona kamar koko, kofi, da zuma. Duk da haka, akwai bambanci sosai a ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashe. Wasu kasashe kamar Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Kenya sun samu ci gaba sosai, yayin da wasu ke fama da talauci da matsalar tattalin arziki.

A fannin Siyasa Afirka tana da tarihin shugabanci na mulkin mallaka, wanda ya bar baya da tasirin siyasa mai rikitarwa. Yau, wasu kasashe sun samu damar tsayawa da kafafunsu wajen tafiyar da mulki mai adalci da dimokuradiyya, yayin da wasu kuma ke fama da mulkin kama karya, juyin mulki, da rikice-rikicen cikin gida. Kodayake, ana iya lura da cewa ana samun karuwar yawan kasashen da suke gudanar da zabe mai inganci da zaman lafiya.

Kammalawa

Tarihin nahiyar Afrika ya ƙunshi al'amura da dama masu rikitarwa, daga zamanin da, zuwa mulkin mallaka, sannan ga dawowar mulkin kai. Duk da irin ƙalubalen da nahiyar ke fuskanta, akwai cigaba mai yawa da aka samu, kuma akwai fata na ci gaba a nan gaba. Afrika ta kasance da tarin al'adu, tarihi, da albarkatun ƙasa, waɗanda za su iya taimakawa wajen bunkasar nahiyar idan aka samu jagoranci na gari.